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Um fino spray de água é injetado diretamente na câmara do colector de admissão. Esta água evapora, extraindo energia de todo o interior, reduzindo a temperatura de combustão em aproximadamente 25 °C e as emissões de poluentes em até 10%.
A BMW diz que o efeito do resfriamento proporcionado pelo sistema de injeção direta de água reduz a temperatura da combustão o suficiente para evitar qualquer necessidade de consumir mais combustível em aceleração plena ou quase total.
O safety car da MotoGP, BMW M4, já recebeu um sistema semelhante, mas a água proveniente vem de um tanque de cinco litros, localizado no porta-malas, que deve sempre ser verificado o nível, e completado, caso necessário.
Já no caso do protótipo do BMW 1-Series, a água condensada pelo sistema de ar condicionado, que seria jogada fora, é aproveitada pelo motor, e não é necessária qualquer ação por parte do motorista.
With direct water injection for turbocharged petrol engines, the BMW Group has again succeeded in enhancing the capabilities of conventional engine technology through an ongoing process of refinement and improvement. The precisely controlled injection of water into the engine cylinders produces a cooling effect that boosts power and torque, particularly when operating at or near full throttle, while at the same time reducing fuel consumption and emissions.
Water injection made its debut in a modern-day BMW Group engine under the bonnet of the BMW M4 MotoGP Safety Car. Designed by BMW M GmbH – on the basis of the M4 high-performance sports car – for use in the world's top motorcycle racing series, it is powered by a modified version of the high-revving M TwinPower Turbo six-cylinder in-line engine that already develops maximum output of 317 kW/431 hp and peak torque of 550 Nm/405 lb-ft (combined fuel consumption: 8.8–8.3 l/100 km; combined CO2 emissions: 204–194 g/km) in the standard BMW M4. Water injection provides the BMW M4 MotoGP Safety Car with extra power, torque and efficiency for its duties on the race track.
The BMW Group Innovation Days 2015 event marks the first presentation of this innovative technology in a prototype of a model from the BMW core brand powered by a latest-generation three-cylinder petrol engine. In this version of the system, most of the water is injected directly into the combustion chamber, rather than just into the intake manifold. In the prototype, which is based on a 5-door BMW 1 Series model, direct water injection offers an optimised balance between driving pleasure and fuel consumption in keeping with the principle of Efficient Dynamics.
Cooling effect enhances efficiency: up to ten percent more power, up to eight percent better real-world fuel economy.
Direct water injection allows the potential of turbocharging to be harnessed even more effectively. The water is injected as a fine spray into the intake manifold plenum chamber where it evaporates, extracting energy from its surroundings and reducing combustion temperatures in the engine by around 25° Celsius.
Particularly at full throttle, this cooling effect provides a big improvement in efficiency, while helping to improve the combustion process in various other ways as well:
- Efficiency: the cooling effect provided by water injection reduces temperatures sufficiently to avoid any need to inject additional fuel when operating at or near full throttle; the homogenous fuel/air mixture and improved full-load efficiency allow real-world fuel economy to be improved by up to eight percent.
- Emissions: reduced combustion temperatures lead to lower emissions.
- Reduced knock: lower temperatures reduce the risk of uncontrolled combustion (knock).
- Higher compression ratio: the reduced knock risk allows the compression ratio of the prototype model's three-cylinder engine to be increased from 9.5:1 to 11.0:1, optimising efficiency in the low and medium throttle range too.
- Performance: the earlier ignition point and higher boost pressure improve engine power and torque by up to 10 percent; the increased oxygen content of the cool induction air boosts power, too.
- Fuel compatibility: power output is optimised even when operating on low-octane fuel (RON 95); turbocharged engines with direct water injection can therefore be used anywhere in the world.
- Thermal load reduction: the cooling effect reduces the thermal load on pistons, valves, catalytic converter and turbocharger.
The benefits of direct water injection cooling can be utilised in various ways. Depending on vehicle type and engine, it is possible to prioritise either increased power or enhanced fuel economy.
On-board water recovery ensures everyday practicality.
The water injection system in the BMW M4 MotoGP Safety Car draws water from a five-litre tank in the boot. Under gruelling race conditions, when the vehicle spends a lot of time operating at full throttle, the water tank is topped up every time the vehicle is refuelled.
By contrast, the direct water injection system destined for future production models that is being presented at the BMW Innovation Days never requires topping up in everyday use. Unless the vehicle is operated in exceptional climatic conditions, the system is fully self-replenishing, thanks to on-board water recovery.
The water supply for water injection cooling is kept topped up by the continuous recovery of condensed water from the air conditioning system.
Every time the engine is switched off, all the water in the hose system is drained into the tank. This guards against system components icing up in sub-zero temperatures and prevents engine corrosion. The water tank itself is also located in a frost-protected position in the vehicle.
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